Who was the first Roman Emperor?

Julius Caesar

Augustus

Nero

Constantine

Augustus (born Octavian) became the first Roman Emperor in 27 BCE, ending the Roman Republic.

The “Berlin Wall” fell in which year?

1985

1989

1991

1979

The wall fell on November 9, 1989, symbolizing the end of the Cold War and German reunification.

Which ancient civilization invented the concept of “zero”?

Egyptians

Greeks

Mesopotamians

Indians

The Indian mathematician Brahmagupta formalized zero as a number in the 7th century CE.

The “Battle of Hastings” (1066) was fought between which two groups?

Vikings vs. Franks

Normans vs. Anglo-Saxons

Romans vs. Celts

Mongols vs. Chinese

William the Conqueror (Norman) defeated King Harold II (Anglo-Saxon), leading to Norman rule in England.

Who was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize?

Florence Nightingale

Marie Curie

Rosalind Franklin

Jane Addams

Marie Curie won the Nobel Prize in Physics (1903) and Chemistry (1911) for her work on radioactivity.

The “Code of Hammurabi” originated in which ancient civilization?

Sumer

Babylon

Assyria

Persia

Hammurabi, the Babylonian king, created one of the earliest written legal codes (c. 1754 BCE).

Which explorer circumnavigated the globe first?

Christopher Columbus

Ferdinand Magellan

Vasco da Gama

James Cook

Magellan’s expedition (1519–1522) completed the first circumnavigation, though he died en route.

The “Treaty of Tordesillas” (1494) divided the New World between which two nations?

England and France

Spain and Portugal

Netherlands and Italy

Russia and Sweden

The treaty granted Spain lands west of a meridian and Portugal lands east (e.g., Brazil).

Who founded the Mongol Empire?

Kublai Khan

Genghis Khan

Attila the Hun

Tamerlane

Genghis Khan united nomadic tribes in 1206, creating the largest contiguous empire in history.

The “Enlightenment” was centered in which European city?

Rome

Paris

Vienna

London

Paris was the hub of Enlightenment thinkers like Voltaire, Rousseau, and Diderot.

Which war was fought between the North and South regions of the U.S.?

War of 1812

Civil War

Mexican-American War

Revolutionary War

The U.S. Civil War (1861–1865) was fought over slavery and states’ rights.

The “Rosetta Stone” was key to deciphering which ancient language?

Latin

Cuneiform

Hieroglyphics

Sanskrit

The stone (196 BCE) contained the same text in Greek, Demotic, and hieroglyphics, unlocking Egyptian writing.

Who led the “Salt March” protest against British rule in India?

Jawaharlal Nehru

Subhas Chandra Bose

Bhagat Singh

Mahatma Gandhi

Gandhi’s 1930 march protested British salt taxes, galvanizing India’s independence movement.

The “Bubonic Plague” entered Europe via which trade route?

Silk Road

Trans-Saharan

Amber Road

Incense Route

The plague spread from Asia to Europe in the 14th century through fleas on trade ships and caravans.

Which African kingdom was known for its gold and university in Timbuktu?

Mali

Songhai

Benin

Axum

The Mali Empire (14th century) under Mansa Musa was famed for its wealth and Timbuktu’s scholarly centers.

The “Protestant Reformation” began when Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses to a church door in which year?

1492

1517

1521

1543

Luther’s act in Wittenberg (1517) criticized Catholic practices, sparking the Reformation.

Who was the last Tsar of Russia?

Peter the Great

Alexander II

Nicholas II

Ivan the Terrible

Nicholas II abdicated in 1917 during the Russian Revolution and was later executed by Bolsheviks.

The “Spanish Inquisition” targeted which group for persecution?

Muslims and Jews

Protestants

Catholics

Pagans

Established in 1478, it enforced Catholic orthodoxy by expelling or converting non-Christians.

Which ancient city was destroyed by Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE?

Athens

Pompeii

Carthage

Troy

The eruption buried Pompeii and Herculaneum, preserving them for centuries.

The “Opium Wars” were fought between China and which European power?

France

Britain

Portugal

Netherlands

Britain defeated China (1839–1842, 1856–1860) to secure opium trade rights and territorial concessions.

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